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New York, NY: Holmes & Meier.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (Ward, L. 2014. \223\221Gods Would Be Needed to Give Men Laws\222: Rousse\ au on the Modern Republican Leg)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 537.7853 347.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 337.3899 Tm (islator.\224 Perspectives on Political Science 43\(1\), 41-51.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 322.3899 Tm (Yanow, D. 2003. \223Public Administration and the Jewish Ethic.\224 Juda\ ism 207/208\(3/4\), 140.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.04 Tc -0.091 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 288.3899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.115 Tw 10 0 0 10 132.6063 288.3899 Tm [( is an assistant professor in the Department of Political Science at the\ University)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.075 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 274.3899 Tm [(of Michigan - Flint. He teaches public administration, public budgeting \ and intergovernmental)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.003 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 260.3899 Tm [(relations. His research centers on participatory budgeting, municipal fi\ nancial condition and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 246.3899 Tm (right-sizing cities.)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.5378 25.5001 Tm (38)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1552 0 obj <> endobj 1553 0 obj <> endobj 1554 0 obj <> endobj 1555 0 obj <> endobj 1556 0 obj <> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream H\j0E -EpD3 @-dM=I lgoi[Hs},Mmw}j/?6NriS4uS?oó:˴xrcgo:y߭ #ZROcl/9K/=sy e]Mkߊ['>ާZ.]YI*I\1kGNbo~F(;2"œFyXW̧<ό1|o/rw}722e2̇PKVKp#s#Pcde2iȄ33̙'d{B[` /_ 767Í͍pcsc1|t99;Z@75%mM^.ivrv^v χx endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream HTPx{vt?.<ŧHQ" x'Q#ȨMLR8i;N:j"mbIQyI+PJh58 i3I|K&h2M;{OanSerA嗦6647ٸُXaL/Ϙ1/c6160|D"7[ ODrX+eY2CVJҨIk+Ujv݈z#;rowtwj_}OxFm5F_AhR1)N 8f5IzK8+r,6;HnIR;*k?uҰR_bGKT %*y1*u_~{T0A2@0qi 5uˈAwOpU)CUL3/hL4T#D-Үh}$H0āXЉZLZQ$؏rCZ Z'A;V8!N3-sWϚ^m#;mի&^hA# ѦK+Ϫj {%\j14YU4*ث׆gܖ/[~{>k~1_,cTV~^qb],8JJY:yD&URAdgYC8,( ȉvc| u#J \kZ~%K+޼yLtC?$˲Y`,V.k$@%YG6h"}#2 Ĺ3ke`+^hr!@2ʟ5l)+GF"[7U3!ӞR?%z()JF W:OYڭpaǒo"~k8ݽoR-zG($m zVw\xƴ;_xqr40O $Io~J!^փ;g{/; $i{RJ{#?_p PyڠE.7Ŵvyo˪yl&zHdp0R3WjĐYiRvmicί̿uWJ 0VgPN Yd,+ wl(5F>ǹU9&oʹ{z $זp';5GeejOW똱Zgb2\3Y|fJW9$rPFU1SCP6&=m+uq\ bU TS'QM=oƵM]9\OgK=`QI8=87nӖוc2A L5m@;lJsKѓ){9>hzVv/UT,+q䢁^)CHَ@ܸ["h Gqt^oy\RO_dOM:2۞К:UZL*s|2zN"oozv󛖗8=y+`X endstream endobj 1559 0 obj <> endobj 1560 0 obj <> endobj 1561 0 obj <>stream H\j@ཞb"gk1$ ^}GZwNHDGX3!9lC?tmqv~xOmtr]wr<->os5[]#}y{x1˿M]=j.?x ٸ.F_N%|Yt|Jk=>FW-%14l]ƭʸ>Mٺ|IElܗ vEc^/9]uU,%eeV fy˼E1s} +d쑅Ys@pz:=yti =#=#=#=#=#=OA>} )4 ́}M @?`4 \\\\\\\\\\\\\\eoޔAiP)zSMٛ7eoޔf؛77 ~7 ~7 ~7 ~7 UK.|]13ja{ [ù a=;I'tҹ}t4-r&4ybѥU 0TM: endstream endobj 1562 0 obj <>stream H|UkTT3=wxw3x/o ( !"GTLl,)+C Xi|c@._2 ZNɏv%:?9Ϸo}J( (^j\^*oDAq?~3 Ϯ`C cJy Cp؜EyK~ˌ˗65NFEV`\0 :Ά82n e",=aJfT0L 42L?x_0L&2SA ";%Ulۄ 4M/U6dH~CD22 iT\Wõԡ\zW jzؖ}ve;G%vvv37ڿoCC)&ASPsF>/q_NNNלE][UfKu3mx^hJrtOat;!G juRl|BHY*C~b:qU4Oa`0S }N&"}UeU,#a݉gN5J"u`Hj8ry]VƐRuIu,?MdC <+4֯,,--,/m8P_ h^Y`(@v R٘!/Z4G-`(J@oY)C#AQ=& ty:ЅBWEaPx7]~zNy腩(߶ɍ mn9=7=9@$i!`n-;XLYaÈ {~!]v"פ'tpῃ˽+ӿ;oѽy$XWBh)SAsYY!գAxy%2y G.#d4@UP "fa/HkiB _JX-5]}; G@&ڃKΝ에:UWsQe~>H+~yF?HOɾ[PWD,&1% |`|p/K(GJuᯔ#!- v%Α!0^|\B`àBhQ^`-J@0t#N滺DZWm#IPGv GṀFDp0EYa֣*^ҦtyޕHgC71ipҒ$`u_D*`+$70GiFxcĿ%gZHloCa W ]8e - AF<"τ0O},P%DQtt}ҝS WCGk$Z #IfhͱAHg5_ XPsԢo-:$]r|Pʎ?9Iza&*LP@Tq9">K (wIpA(^8>uM# JDtШcGR,*|JoB?9Y;iηTXd>}GтZ0uZ hqr^ rx#bv>okFX',%?-}M$u[|8 (b {zJkmt֗o@ٿyAup1e-kpoGhslK8y z8uh2Sw0qyPzω֖1k!|娄 U(&vSOTXؾk6UTF`ŢE=/JWVBK+V {57Q13ٸFA 7A l/$I~ ;SWh* `a 09#2[ZfKF^J>5-Y= Kqw19?<{mk#A RiPJ.7`PL"㡍M 8 ZSxj}=jH&S\G?@Kc_>9t9qM#VDzj,],ol|/} |nNv{'qȩ4̀v}_rّ5j3}Ì0t3>Cp9_tT7?TeȂGL: U! 9Qum$?T!u@D ,YRfhc0B$=AhB`OLi,Ñz(π? 20`hx!(\ U2af &OLb`3"_ O7qЋ:<gQ[(CG )ɢҽ u)TjMݘr֫ƈq]MSED`-JW]A̼2{Tv@N{>?/ƴߵ۽wW2SA^uUN[24s pf?TV{*4jvD`3^`p{)%mKn_S-wɛԶ.]AC03߻ :أ_qo==j 1DIצe9l9o3ԖUOE֗oķʟ g)` endstream endobj 1563 0 obj [1565 0 R] endobj 1564 0 obj <>stream H\j0 l/ `Xr[ m"o?)L`AGux@~P0-&蝷S t88/3oFd]c '7D mp/;Y$}d;x}#({dKˁ?ʬ-  ȥp)G%괩:7:{D3q|k <ޏC'~Qr endstream endobj 1565 0 obj <> endobj 1566 0 obj <> endobj 1567 0 obj <> endobj 1568 0 obj <>stream Hj` endstream endobj 1569 0 obj <>stream HWwNWݿs`S4bD%D$WRAA+!O<(*^+Qʨ,ZhceVCߴX֨.]Z/Z9{s>@=̇FX|BhOsDŽӧ>I])´$fnRz1_owf&O>; h8$^uˌi3t(9SΝ= $n`O.:wBW^ayyW~GhIއH7#M5K(T̷:<0|P?oen. 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A Look at the Evidence)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 352.4654 717.3899 Tm (. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 702.3899 Tm (Fitzpatrick, J., M. Goggin, T. Heikkila, D. Klingner, J. 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XIII-XVIII = Fiscal syste\ ms in the European economy )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 647.3899 Tm (from the 13)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 5.83 0 0 5.83 116.0093 650.7199 Tm (th)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 121.8626 647.3899 Tm ( to the 18)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 5.83 0 0 5.83 166.5921 650.7199 Tm (th)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 172.4453 647.3899 Tm ( centuries : atti della \223Trentanovesima settimana di studi\224 22-26 \ aprile )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 637.3899 Tm (2007)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 84.7697 637.3899 Tm (. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 512.3899 Tm (Press.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 497.3899 Tm (Heady, F. 1995. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 122.569 497.3899 Tm (Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 370.8857 497.3899 Tm (.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 372.9856 497.3899 Tm ( )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 375.9655 497.3899 Tm (5)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 5.83 0 0 5.83 382.2454 500.7199 Tm (th)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 388.0987 497.3899 Tm ( edn)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 410.1285 497.3899 Tm (.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 412.2285 497.3899 Tm ( New York, NY: Marcel Dek)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 537.3571 497.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 487.3899 Tm (ker.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 472.3899 Tm (Hennig, A. 2015. \223Between Conflict and Cooperation: Religion and Poli\ tics in Europe.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 463.9152 472.3899 Tm (Palestine-Israel )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 462.3899 Tm (Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 270.4373 462.3899 Tm ( 20\(4\), 121-128.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 447.3899 Tm (Hillenbrand, C. 1988. \223Islamic Orthodoxy or Realpolitik? 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Zhao. 2011. \223The Ca\ se for Public Administration with a )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 387.3899 Tm (Global Perspective.\224)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 160.1786 387.3899 Tm ( Journal of Public Administration Research & Theory )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 422.395 387.3899 Tm (21, 45-51.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 372.3899 Tm (Houston, D.J., P.K. Freeman and D.L. Feldman. 2008. \223How Naked is the\ Public Square? Religion, Public )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 362.3899 Tm (Service, and Implications for Public Administration.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 319.1866 362.3899 Tm (Public Administration Review )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 466.1845 362.3899 Tm (68\(3\), 428-444.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (Hummel, D. 2013. \223The Ottoman Empire: Bureaucracy, Institutional Imit\ ation and the Military Revolu)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 535.3344 347.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 337.3899 Tm (tion.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 88.5797 337.3899 Tm (International Review of Turkish Studies)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 279.9168 337.3899 Tm ( 3\(1\), 30-53.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 322.3899 Tm (Hummel, D. and B. Goud. 2017. \223An Esham-Ijara Structure in the United\ States?\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 439.7857 322.3899 Tm (Journal of Islamic )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 312.3899 Tm (Accounting and Business Research)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 237.1079 312.3899 Tm ( 8\(4\), 455-467.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 297.3899 Tm (Huntington, S.P. 1984. \223Will More Countries Become Democratic?\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 371.0663 297.3899 Tm (Political Science Quarterly)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 501.1742 297.3899 Tm ( 99\(2\), )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 287.3899 Tm (193-218.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 272.3899 Tm (Hursh, J. 2009. \223The Role of Culture in the Creation of Islamic Law.\224\ )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 376.8259 272.3899 Tm (Indiana Law Journal)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 477.5147 272.3899 Tm ( 84\(4\), 1401-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 262.3899 Tm (1423.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 247.3899 Tm (H\374sseyin, I. 2008. \223Models of Religious Coexistence: A Muslim Pers\ pective.\224)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 413.875 247.3899 Tm ( European Judaism)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 510.814 247.3899 Tm ( 41\(1\), )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 237.3899 Tm (105-112.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 222.3899 Tm (Johnston, D. 2004. \223A Turn in the Epistemology and Hermeneutics of Tw\ entieth Century usul al-fiqh.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 61 212.3899 Tm (Islamic Law & Society)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 168.6683 212.3899 Tm ( 11\(2\), 233-282.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 197.3899 Tm (Johnston, D.L. 2007. \223Maqasid al-shari\222a: Epistemology and Hermene\ utics of Muslim Theologies of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 187.3899 Tm (Human Rights.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 139.6792 187.3899 Tm (Welt des Islams)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 218.298 187.3899 Tm ( 47\(2\), 149-187.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 172.3899 Tm (Joseph, S. 2014. \223Waqf in Historical Perspective: Online fat\035w\035\ and Contemporary Discourses by )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 162.3899 Tm (Muslim Scholars.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 150.7087 162.3899 Tm (Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 316.0362 162.3899 Tm ( 34\(4\), 425-437.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 147.3899 Tm (Jreisat, J.E. 2005. \223Comparative Public Administration Is Back In, Pr\ udently.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 421.4651 147.3899 Tm (Public Administration )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 137.3899 Tm (Review )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 98.7293 137.3899 Tm (65\(2\), 231-242.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 122.3899 Tm (Jreisat, J.E. 2011. \223Commentary \226 Comparative Public Administratio\ n: A Global Perspective.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 501.5543 122.3899 Tm (Public )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 112.3899 Tm (Administration Review)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 172.0985 112.3899 Tm ( 71\(6\), 834-838.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 97.3899 Tm (Jun, J.S. 1976. \223Renewing the Study of Comparative Administration: So\ me Reflections on the Current )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 87.3899 Tm (Possibilities.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 126.4286 87.3899 Tm (Public Administration Review)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 270.4466 87.3899 Tm ( 36\(6\), 641-647.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 10 0 0 10 291.5179 25.5001 Tm (36)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1583 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.086 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 766.3899 Tm [(also considering globally accepted best practices and goals. Ultimately,\ the establishment)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.003 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 754.3899 Tm [(of a legitimate form \(or forms\) of government in the Islamic world is \ not merely of academic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 742.3899 Tm (interest, but of geo-political interest, as well.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 718.3899 Tm [(Academically and otherwise, knowledge of the Islamic world is desperatel\ y needed, whether)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.046 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 706.3899 Tm [(in public administration or in other fields. Jreisat \(2011\) observed t\ hat there is the possibility)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.13 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 694.3899 Tm [(of bias in disfavoring research on certain cultures and countries in CPA\ research, and the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 682.3899 Tm [(Islamic world is likely one of those cultures. Hopefully future research\ addresses these issues)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 670.3899 Tm (and helps to expand knowledge in this critical area.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 634.3899 Tm (References)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 612.3899 Tm [(Abu-Nimer, M. and S.A. Kadayifci-Orellana. 2008. \223Muslim Peace-Buildi\ ng Actors in Africa)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 602.3899 Tm (and the Balkan Context: Challenges and Needs.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 323.1476 602.3899 Tm (Peace & Change)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 413.4669 602.3899 Tm ( 33\(4\), 549-581.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm (Afsaruddin, A. 2006. \223The \221Islamic State\222: Genealogy, Facts, an\ d Myths.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 427.9259 587.3899 Tm [(Journal of Church &)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 61 577.3899 Tm (State )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 92.4396 577.3899 Tm (48\(1\), 153-173.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 562.3899 Tm [(Ahmad, I. 2009. \223Genealogy of the Islamic State: Reflections on Maudu\ di\222s Political Thought)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 552.3899 Tm (and Islamism.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 143.449 552.3899 Tm (Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 387.3562 552.3899 Tm ( 15, S145-S162.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 537.3899 Tm [(Akg\374nd\374z, A. 2009. \223Shari\222ah Courts and Shari\222ah Records:\ The Application of Islamic Law in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 527.3899 Tm (the Ottoman State.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 170.3693 527.3899 Tm (Islamic Law & Society)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 286.4376 527.3899 Tm ( 16\(2\), 202-230.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 512.3899 Tm [(Arjomand, S.A. 2009. \223The Constitution of Medina: A Sociolegal Interp\ retation of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 502.3899 Tm (Muhammad\222s Acts of Foundation of the Umma.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 321.0583 502.3899 Tm [(International Journal of Middle East)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 61 492.3899 Tm (Studies)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 100.2995 492.3899 Tm ( 41\(04\), 555.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 477.3899 Tm (Auda, J. 2011. \223A Maq\035)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /C2_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 12 0 0 12 164.5389 477.3899 Tm <09E2>Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 10 0 0 10 169.6888 477.3899 Tm [(id\034 Approach to Contemporary Application of the Shar\034\222ah.\224)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 61 467.3899 Tm (Intellectual Discourse)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 176.6983 467.3899 Tm ( 19\(2\), 193-217.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /C2_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 11 0 0 11 49 452.3899 Tm [<00170102015A0102035500030050>14.3 <0358000303EE03EC03EC03EF03580003035E002F0190016F01020175000301020176011A00030018011E0175017D0110018C>18.9 <0102011001C703570003000400030064015A011E017D018C>14.2 <011E>5.8 <019F0110>8.3 <0102016F00030018015D0190011001B501900190015D017D01760003017D01760003019A015A011E00030012017D017501890102>4.5 <019F010F015D016F015D019A01C70003017D01280003002F0190016F01020175000301020176011A00030018011E0175017D0110018C>17.5 <0102011001C7>66.4 <0358>72.8 <035F0003>]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /C2_2 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 61 442.3899 Tm [<0004016F019A>10.7 <011E018C01760102019F01C0011E0190035700030064>48.6 <01B5018C016C015D0190015A0003003A017D01B5018C01760102016F0003017D01280003002F0176>8 <019A>10.7 <011E018C01760102019F017D01760102016F0003005A>16.8 <011E016F0102019F017D01760190>]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /TT0 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 301.625 442.3899 Tm ( 2\(3/4\), 106-134.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 49 427.3899 Tm (Candler, G.G. 2002. \223Particularism versus Universalism in the Brazili\ an Public Administration Litera)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 529.113 427.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 417.3899 Tm (ture.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 89.6496 417.3899 Tm (Public Administration Review)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 233.6675 417.3899 Tm ( 62\(3\), 298-306.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 402.3899 Tm (Casanova, J. 2003. \223What is a Public Religion?\224 In W.M. McClay and\ H. Heclo \(eds\). )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 454.535 402.3899 Tm (Religion Returns )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 392.3899 Tm (to the Public Square: Faith and Policy in America)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.0067 392.3899 Tm (. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 382.3899 Tm (111-139.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 367.3899 Tm (Ciftci, S. 2010. \223Modernization, Islam, or Social Capital: What Expla\ ins Attitudes Toward Democracy in )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 357.3899 Tm (the Muslim World?\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 158.9588 357.3899 Tm (Comparative Political Studies )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 309.2365 357.3899 Tm (43\(11\), 1442-1470.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 342.3899 Tm (Clark, G. 2001. \223Pakistan\222s Zakat System: A Policy Model for Devel\ oping Countries as a Means of Re)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 530.9542 342.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 332.3899 Tm (distributing Income to the Elderly Poor.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 258.5175 332.3899 Tm (Social Thought )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 335.8566 332.3899 Tm (20\(3/4\), 47-75.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 317.3899 Tm (Cosgel, M.M. 2011. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 135.6988 317.3899 Tm (The Political Economy of Law and Economic Development in Islamic History\ )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 512.2736 317.3899 Tm (. In D. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 307.3899 Tm (Ma and J.L. van Zanden \(eds\). )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 212.1885 307.3899 Tm (Law and Long-Term Economic Change: A Eurasian Perspective)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 526.3546 307.3899 Tm (. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 297.3899 Tm (Stanford: Stanford University Press, Stanford Economics and Finance, 158\ -177.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 282.3899 Tm (Cunningham, R. 2005. \223Religion and Public Administration: The Unackno\ wledged Common \(and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 272.3899 Tm (Competitive\) Ground.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 175.7488 272.3899 Tm (International Journal of Public Administration )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 404.8058 272.3899 Tm (28\(11/12\), 943-955.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 257.3899 Tm (Cusack, C.M. 2010. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 140.4488 257.3899 Tm (Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 387.1557 257.3899 Tm ( Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 525.5643 257.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 247.3899 Tm (lishing.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 232.3899 Tm (Darling, L.T. 2014. \223\221The Vicegerent of God, from him we Expect Ra\ in\222: The Incorporation of the pre-Is)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 535.2943 232.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 222.3899 Tm (lamic State in Early Islamic Political Culture.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 283.2066 222.3899 Tm (Journal of the American Oriental Society )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 488.8539 222.3899 Tm (134\(3\), )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 212.3899 Tm (407-429.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 197.3899 Tm (DeHaven-Smith, L. 2005. \223What Jesus Says to Public Administration.\224\ )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 389.0461 197.3899 Tm (International Journal of Orga)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 533.9443 197.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 187.3899 Tm (nization Theory and Behavior )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 209.3679 187.3899 Tm (6\(1\), 90-118.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 172.3899 Tm (Dekmejian, R.H., and A.F. Thabit 2000. \223Machiavelli\222s Arab Precurs\ or: Ibn Zafar al-Siqill\034.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 477.3736 172.3899 Tm (British Jour)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 532.2227 172.3899 Tm (-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 162.3899 Tm (nal of Middle Eastern Studies )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 208.0377 162.3899 Tm (27\(2\), 125-137.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 147.3899 Tm (Drechsler, W. 2014. \223What is Islamic Public Administration and why sh\ ould we Study it in the \221Second )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 137.3899 Tm (World\222?\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 104.1194 137.3899 Tm (Administrative Culture)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 216.0278 137.3899 Tm ( 15\(2\), 123-142.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 122.3899 Tm (Dwivedi, O.P. 1990. \223Development Administration: Its Heritage, Cultur\ e and Challenges.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 480.0844 122.3899 Tm (Canadian )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 112.3899 Tm (Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 355.8564 112.3899 Tm (33\(1\), 91-98.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 97.3899 Tm (Dwivedi, O.P. 2005. \223Administrative Culture and Values: Approaches.\224\ In J.G. Jabbra and O.P. Dwivedi )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 87.3899 Tm (\(eds\). )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 93.0296 87.3899 Tm (Administrative Culture in a Global Context)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.8867 87.3899 Tm (, 19-36. Available at http://desitterpublications.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 61 77.3899 Tm (com/books/images/admin_intro.pdf \(last accessed DATE\).)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.5529 25.5001 Tm (35)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1584 0 obj <> endobj 1585 0 obj <> endobj 1586 0 obj <> endobj 1587 0 obj <> endobj 1588 0 obj <> endobj 1589 0 obj <>stream H\͊0{bğRZh ul2vk 1|8 |!qȪkw?j8{pû"@ e 84EQS lzV7{WnAs?8 @Y>&zk7 5lo²1'>딋Qu }g($k@9zyQdt8I}d'\+rͮ|eǏ9)gSr9;'{}XTI ؞J־PG筹AG 0*Sm endstream endobj 1590 0 obj <>stream HUkPTGۗ @{gDIԸ"O" Ȩ,AtSU1lͮduY5QAPQq`f{6j;>}ޯ`HԳ?+ggcW5tYT}fZ39?(`w)@쌬'g#GD>64E, y5p)?c5{dPk2GڇM ^0ݹN=9s'_QTooY5VHA$L,DWDC|!p@}vH]43ǎC%xǒ¡HmC"[ZӺCv}"Ͷ-ry,eX=bM1&C0϶AFtD(+a$LT" 6E!`!JX)l3[HH"SS7J4r) TDKh5uTA:E_tael[>"H$"dbɇ H%EPR:MTBTJeQ:NdUEl#me%#Y#G#Ay/'IZ9[y QXeu>v );}1΁Ρί榖A--M--Wkv{F.)W:rG^_Sx_+ ^(P}utGu6;R;:RMl&M-U_իj&Rb6]+*]6l:M)ɴT+6M'sx6,/6%Roq~Y/6Eѳ 6{/;4ٱQ8xrׁ,'0g?Mss|sjscKg.ewy!csY&l`[[`ιY5Փ47hNlK! <38〾X3 IHTJT\2ɧ-};Q|O+kwO{l~wuz~Z_o2t4 c~# ⼬dRa;QwI~jdzlɞз,W#,A"VU?aBTݽڸУ1^Dye|,d*TJ:*$tJ*U*R *jU*LByBk+hO@(AN! 3YAVX эơ;G$%!7(oQ&PQ6 M9 O0LsK1 pQ#h>-hZq i9}!cmT4D:mtڌ ܀lچڎ< s ̦/1Nb:bPF簔NUj~_P*kE_)r~_W#T뼆*Mf~T>J$luʇ'^lwkJ|U -*]١\ʹSQ*ZrSr}uWy\l}373j{LwhH7@BB!@{/{.1Nrdq8N'.+ς?ۃ ;ƝqW?;_Vep?V#xzx9@'H( *? 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In )0.5 (this )0.5 (regard)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(the Muslim world will continue to exhibit both administrative concepts t\ hat are familiar to the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(West and ones that are entirely unique to it. This is considered critica\ l to the stability in the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(region, as Hamid \(2016\) explained, \223\205 the postcaliphate order wi\ ll have only truly begun when)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm (something inclusive, legitimate, and lasting takes root\224 \(267\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm [(Research in CPA can contribute to this understanding. As this develops, \ future CPA research)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.137 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(needs )0.5 (to )0.5 (include comparisons )0.5 (between )0.5 (Muslim )0.5 (and )0.5 (non-Muslim )0.5 (countries, )0.5 (either )0.5 (country-)]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.017 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(to-country or region-to-region, to understand the similarities and diffe\ rences with regard to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.033 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(governmental institutions. Many times these comparisons are not within t\ he frame of public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(administration. A public-administration focus for these comparisons is n\ ecessary in the CPA)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm (literature.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.14 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(Research in this area also needs to fully understand the failure of many\ Muslim countries)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.123 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(to embrace some of )0.5 (the )0.5 (ideals of Islam. For example, Kalantari \(1998\) noted that, \223Islamic\ )40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.086 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(society builds a comprehensive system of social justice, economics, legi\ slation, jurisprudence,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.121 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(administration, and international relations within its domain which are \ closely related and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(support each other through the meta-values of Islam\224 \(1827\). Howeve\ r, it can be confidently)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.126 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm [(stated that most Muslim countries have failed to embrace these ideas. A \ critical research)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm (question is, why have these values failed to effect these changes?)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.15 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(Abu-Nimer and Kadayifci-Orellana \(2008\) argued that the failure of Mus\ lim states to find)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.066 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(peace which may inhibit these other values from coming to fruition is du\ e to a colonial legacy,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(problems with education and problems with organizational development and\ sustainability.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.066 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(In addition, )0.5 (H\374sseyin \(2008\) noted that )0.5 (this may be )0.5 (due )0.5 (to Muslims )0.5 (thinking )0.5 (their religion )0.5 (is the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm [(problem, but nothing has replaced it that has had as big an effect on th\ e Muslim population)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(as Islam. )0.5 (Either way, some scholars have )0.5 (concluded )0.5 (that )0.5 (Muslim societies that are )0.5 (starting )0.5 (to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(reconnect with these Islamic values in a progressive fashion have seen s\ ome success, such)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.01 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(as argued by Drechsler \(2014\), who stated that the Turkish economy has\ only flourished after)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.161 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(its )0.5 (society began )0.5 (to )0.5 (reconnect with Islam. Still )0.5 (these relationships )0.5 (need to )0.5 (be )0.5 (understood)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.105 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(further, such as the recent study on the potentials of Islamic banking t\ o increase financial)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm (inclusion in the Islamic world by Naceur et al. \(2015\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.008 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm [(The continual relevance of religion in government not only in the Islami\ c world indicates that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.047 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm [(more research needs to be devoted to understanding how religion affects \ how people govern)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.121 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm [(themselves. A good starting point is understanding how those values info\ rm public ethics.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.155 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(A comparative perspective enriches this discussion. In particular, the I\ slamic world needs)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(more research devoted to this topic. The next section focuses on this po\ int as a concluding)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm (statement for this paper.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 263.3899 Tm (Conclusion)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.163 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(This )0.5 (paper maps )0.5 (the connections between )0.5 (religion and )0.5 (values with )0.5 (public ethics )0.5 (and the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.008 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(continual relationship between religion and public administration. It is\ not an argument for a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm [(pre-Enlightenment return to church-state relations, but a post-Enlighten\ ment understanding)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.128 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm [(of )0.5 (its )0.6 (continual )0.6 (relevance )0.5 (in )0.5 (how )0.5 (people )0.5 (think )0.5 (individually )0.5 (and )0.6 (collectively, )0.5 (especially )0.6 (as )0.5 (it)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(pertains to )0.5 (public decision-making and )0.5 (behavior. In particular, )0.5 (this perspective )0.5 (is expanded)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.153 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(to include a comparative public administration approach that focuses spe\ cifically on the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm (Islamic world.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(The conception of government in the Islamic world is unique in some aspe\ cts. It is argued)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.096 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm [(in this paper that a thorough understanding of the values that derive fr\ om Islam and their)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.273 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(relevance for government is needed to develop a broad theory of Islamic \ government.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm (The )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.207 Tw 10 0 0 10 73.1348 107.3899 Tm (maqasid al-shariah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.186 Tw 10 0 0 10 182.8638 107.3899 Tm [( )0.5 (and )0.5 (its )0.5 (accompanying )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 317.7728 107.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.186 Tw 10 0 0 10 365.2323 107.3899 Tm [( )0.5 (is )0.5 (a )0.5 (good )0.5 (starting )0.5 (point )0.5 (for )0.5 (this)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(development. A comparative )0.5 (public-administration approach along )0.5 (with )0.5 (an indigenized )0.5 (and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.066 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(global perspective of public administration could help further define Is\ lamic government. This)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.1 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm [(discussion would appreciate local variety and diversity even within the \ Islamic world while)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 787.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 291.5479 25.5001 Tm (34)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 802.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 792.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1613 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc -0.09 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(approach is the most promising to taking a local and global perspective \ that would have more)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.078 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(legitimacy )0.5 (among )0.5 (the )0.5 (people in )0.5 (these )0.5 (countries. )0.5 (The )0.5 (next )0.5 (section )0.5 (explores )0.5 (the )0.5 (implications)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(for this shift in approach in the Islamic world. It also considers futur\ e directions of research for)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.091 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(scholars in CPA, in particular considering the importance of culture and\ religion in determining)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm (legitimate forms of government, especially as it pertains to the Islamic\ world.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 14 0 0 14 49 683.3899 Tm (Discussion and Future Research)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.312 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(CPA scholars have an appreciation of culture in understanding administra\ tive systems)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.29 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(of government. There are reservations on accepting cultural peculiaritie\ s without some)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.409 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(international standard and best practice for government. Many would crit\ icize public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.147 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(administration from an Islamic perspective for its many gaps and pitfall\ s; however, those)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.149 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(scholars that approach public administration from an indigenized and glo\ bal perspective)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(do not negate the importance of international best practice. This is par\ ticularly true for the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.028 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(assessment of goal achievements. The one-size-fits-all paradigm of publi\ c administration in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(the early stages of the development of public administration theory embo\ died by the \223science)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.093 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(of administration\224 movement has largely been replaced by more nuanced\ understandings)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm (of the field.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.331 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(The de-ethnocentricism of public administration is another realization o\ f this nuanced)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.143 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(understanding of the field. The continual problems of instability in the\ Islamic world while)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(applying purely Western standards of government merit a fresh perspectiv\ e. The religion of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.104 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm (Islam is not easily dismissed within this context. As noted by Hamid \(2\ 016\), \223the only long-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(term solution is to find a place for Islam, in its varied political form\ s, within the democratic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.083 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(process\224 \(257\). The concern is whether democracy has a place at all\ within this worldview.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.213 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm [(Samuel Huntington famously wrote that Islam does not encourage democracy\ ; however,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(recent research indicates that religiousness and democracy are not oppos\ ites in the Islamic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm (world \(Huntington 1984; Ciftci 2010; Tessler 2002; Rahman 2013\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(The decentralization of power in the Islamic world seems more in line wi\ th the history of the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(region \(Hamid 2016\). Despite this being considered best practice globa\ lly, there are concerns)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.181 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm [(about the local application of law and the provision of services. Many o\ f these concerns)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.084 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(mirror general concerns with polycentric forms of government all over th\ e world, but some)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.193 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm (of these challenges are unique to the Islamic world. For example, )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 421.9093 359.3899 Tm (zakat)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.193 Tw 10 0 0 10 450.7691 359.3899 Tm [( \(Islamic charity\))40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.009 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm [(administration in places like Pakistan and the control of social welfare\ by privately managed)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm (and communal organizations like the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 256.5477 335.3899 Tm (waqf)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 283.1574 335.3899 Tm ( \(foundations\) and the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 411.8781 335.3899 Tm (mahalla )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 460.9262 335.3899 Tm [(\(neighborhood\))40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.164 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(systems )0.5 (also )0.6 (introduce )0.5 (problems )0.5 (of )0.6 (inequality )0.6 (in )0.5 (service )0.6 (provision )0.5 (\(Urinboyev )0.5 (2014; )0.6 (Kuran)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.003 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(2001; Clark 2001\). These are problems that need to be retooled to fit m\ odern expectations for)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm (government.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm [(One of the concerns is that a focus on the local context would lead to a\ rejection of an idea)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.005 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(simply because it is \223Western\224. Candler \(2002\) noted in his stud\ y of Brazil that administrative)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(particularism )0.5 (led to a )0.5 (rejection of )0.5 (universal lessons )0.5 (in preference )0.5 (of local practices. However,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.084 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(in the past the Islamic world was able to successfully co-opt other syst\ ems as exemplified)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(by most successful movements. Its push into Europe from Islamic Spain in\ the West and the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.19 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm [(Ottoman Empire in the East created lasting exchanges that impacted those\ societies. As)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.172 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm [(expressed )0.5 (by Schlesinger )0.5 (and Foret )0.5 (\(2006\), )0.5 (\223from the )0.5 (point of )0.5 (view of )0.5 (religions, European)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.125 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(history )0.5 (can )0.5 (hardly )0.5 (be )0.5 (written )0.5 (without )0.5 (acknowledging )0.5 (the )0.5 (centuries-long )0.5 (interplay )0.5 (between)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.078 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(Christianity, Judaism and Islam\224 \(60\). Given this history and the r\ eality of globalization it is)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.046 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(unlikely that the Islamic world would embrace a strict particularism tha\ t would cause them to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm (reject universal lessons in public administration.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.179 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm [(It also needs to be recognized that the Muslim world is )0.5 (unique )0.5 (in )0.5 (the world. At the heart)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.168 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(of this uniqueness is the religiosity of Muslims and their focus on the \ religion of Islam as)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm [(a way of life. At its core is the lack of separation between the sacred \ and the secular. The)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.091 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(past )0.5 (few )0.6 (decades )0.5 (have )0.5 (seen )0.6 (more )0.5 (exploration )0.5 (of )0.6 (Islamic )0.5 (models )0.6 (of )0.6 (government, )0.5 (and )0.5 (most)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.275 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(recently it has garnered more academic attention as the field of public \ administration)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.159 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm [(begins to appreciate indigenized forms of administration. The combinatio\ n of indigenized)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 787.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 291.7479 25.5001 Tm (33)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 802.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 792.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1614 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 9/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1615 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.152 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(to differentiate worship from the rest of these areas to determine the l\ evel of flexibility in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(interpretation. As noted by Johnston \(2007\), \223the crucial step made\ by al-Shatibi is to be able)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.109 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(to concede that humans, by virtue of their intellectual endowment by the\ Creator, can tell)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm (good from bad and know what is to the interest of humanity \()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 389.721 731.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 437.1806 731.3899 Tm [(\) and what detracts)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm (from it \()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 92.2996 719.3899 Tm (mafsada)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 140.9492 719.3899 Tm (\)\224 \(161\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.004 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(Modern Islamic scholars like Ibn Ashur and Jasser Auda have developed th\ is concept further)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.069 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm [(in )0.5 (which )0.5 (there is a )0.5 (realization )0.5 (that )0.5 (rules )0.5 (had )0.5 (general principles and )0.5 (purposes. )0.5 (This )0.5 (emphasized)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(the )0.5 (concept )0.5 (of the )0.5 (public )0.5 (good )0.5 (and )0.5 (the )0.5 (flexible )0.5 (relationship )0.5 (between )0.5 (law )0.5 (and )0.5 (society )0.5 (\(Safi)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.052 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(2010\). For example, two modern Muslim scholars \(al-Alwami and al-Qarad\ awi\) developed the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.097 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm (concept of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.108 Tw 10 0 0 10 111.9033 647.3899 Tm (fiqh al-aqalliyyat)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.097 Tw 10 0 0 10 206.1209 647.3899 Tm [(, which is the jurisprudence of Muslim minorities based on the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(maqasid )0.5 (al-shariah)]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.086 Tw 10 0 0 10 157.6237 635.3899 Tm [(, to reconcile Islamic law with Western law and values. As explained by)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(Parray )0.5 (\(2012\), \223)]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 128.43 623.3899 Tm (fiqh al-aqalliyyat)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 221.2287 623.3899 Tm [(, which )0.5 (deals with )0.5 (the daily )0.5 (problems that arise for millions of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(Muslim individuals living in the West, tries to reconcile conflicting pr\ actices with the culture)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm (and values of the host societies from within the framework of Islamic ju\ risprudence\224 \(89\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.031 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(This ongoing discussion has historical roots in the Islamic world in the\ conflicts between the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(Ash\222arites and the Mu\222tazilites. The Mu\222tazilites believed in t\ he concept of ethical objectivism)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.017 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(in which human reason could discern right from wrong and these ethical v\ alues were above)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm [(the divine law. Reason, in this case, was given privilege to make legal \ rulings according to the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.07 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(values in Islamic law. This approach clearly separated worship from civi\ l life. The Ash\222arites)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.15 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(believed that human reason could only discover the rulings in divine law\ in which ethical)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.057 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(values were defined by the revealed text, which is known as theistic sub\ jectivism \(Johnston)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm (2004; 2007\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.155 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(The approach of al-Shatibi and his predecessor al-Ghazali as well as the\ ir modern descendants)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.22 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm (like Muhammad Abduh is a mix of Ash\222arite and Mu\222tazilite concepti\ ons. The )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 485.4686 455.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.26 Tw 10 0 0 10 532.9281 455.3899 Tm [( i)-40 (s )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tc -0.007 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(grounded in the texts of Islam and scholarly consensus which is consider\ ed immutable while)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.049 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(legal reasoning and analogy are still possible and allow a certain level\ of flexibility. Utility is)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(still important, while Islam focuses the community towards the afterlife\ . The division between)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(the )0.5 (moral )0.5 (and )0.5 (legal )0.5 (in )0.5 (Islamic )0.5 (law )0.5 (is )0.5 (not )0.5 (clear, )0.5 (and )0.5 (the )0.5 (traditional )0.5 (approach )0.5 (is )0.5 (that )0.5 (all )0.6 (aspects)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm (of life are defined by religion \(Setia 2016; Safi 2010\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.101 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(This area of scholarship is highly contentious and is at the center of r\ eform movements in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.024 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm (the Islamic world. For example, Setia \(2016\) is a critic of the modern\ development of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 498.856 359.3899 Tm [(maqasid)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (al-shariah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.089 Tw 10 0 0 10 105.4592 347.3899 Tm [( by declaring \223in effect, we are witnessing a steady march towards th\ e systemic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm (and structural secularization, fasad-ization, disintegration, and dissol\ ution of the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 485.3771 335.3899 Tm (maqasid)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0.029 Tw 10 0 0 10 533.1967 335.3899 Tm [( \205)-40 (\224 )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tc 0.065 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm (\(128\). The term )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 133.6676 323.3899 Tm (fasad)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.065 Tw 10 0 0 10 164.4573 323.3899 Tm [( means corruption. This statement more than any other indicates that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(there are core values and ethics contained within the texts of Islam tha\ t clearly separate it)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.062 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm [(from other systems and that these are important to preserve in Islamic s\ ociety. In addition,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm [(to )0.5 (the )0.5 (extent )0.6 (that )0.6 (the )0.5 (governments )0.5 (in )0.6 (Muslim )0.5 (countries )0.5 (drift )0.6 (from )0.6 (these )0.5 (ethics )0.5 (and )0.6 (values, )0.5 (the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm (population will increasingly become disillusioned by them.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.129 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(The core values established by al-Ghazali and further developed by later\ Muslim scholars)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.048 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(are general, but each Muslim country relying upon that foundation can ad\ d to these values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.017 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm (within the framework of the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 199.9055 227.3899 Tm (maqasid al-shariah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.017 Tw 10 0 0 10 307.7577 227.3899 Tm [( approach. In addition, through these values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.122 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm [(and an )0.5 (appreciation of )0.5 (the public interest and well-being )0.5 (\()]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 377.2456 215.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.122 Tw 10 0 0 10 424.7051 215.3899 Tm [(\) )0.5 (public ethics can )0.5 (be)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm [(established and inculcated within these governments, not only )0.5 (based within )0.5 (Islam, but global)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.109 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(best practices as well. An appreciation of this along with a deliberativ\ e process for establishing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.035 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(the constitutions in these countries and continual engagement as these c\ ountries govern will)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.006 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(be a more sustainable course. In addition, this will require a smaller c\ entral government with)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm (considerable autonomy and power given to local governments and governing\ networks.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.097 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm [(The long history of Islamic governance along with its intellectual histo\ ry merit attention by)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.073 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(scholars )0.5 (and )0.6 (practitioners. )0.5 (As )0.5 (previously )0.6 (mentioned, )0.6 (surveys )0.5 (confirm )0.5 (that )0.5 (the )0.6 (Islamic )0.5 (world)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.151 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm [(is uniquely religious and accepting of the mixing of religion and govern\ ment. The secular)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(regimes that have filled the void left by outgoing colonial governments \ have little legitimacy)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.101 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(in the eyes of the people. This is a problem and one that is not easily \ addressed by Islam,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.056 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm (which does not have a solid blueprint for an \223Islamic\224 government.\ The )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 438.3906 71.3899 Tm (maqasid al-shariah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 546.2756 71.3899 Tm ( )Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 787.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 10 0 0 10 291.8178 25.5001 Tm (32)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 802.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 792.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1616 0 obj <> endobj 1617 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 5/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1618 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 6/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1619 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 7/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1620 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 8/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1621 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc -0.059 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(There is still an active discussion in the Islamic world and beyond on w\ hether government can)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(be purely secular along Western lines. It is likely that the context det\ ermines the vociferousness)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(of these arguments. Traditionally, Islamic government is very limited \(\ Ahmad 2009; Popa 2012\).)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.037 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(In his discussions of Maududi, Ahmad \(2009\) added that, \223given the \ radically interventionist)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.123 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(role of the modern state and the manner in which it shaped the daily liv\ es of Muslims, he)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(equated Islam with the state\224 \(155\). The point made earlier regardi\ ng the increasing role of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.12 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(the state and its intersection with the traditional role of the church i\ s particularly relevant)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm (here.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.348 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(This point is interesting because it is assumed that Islamists would acc\ ept a secular)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.176 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(government if that government remained aloof from the personal lives of \ its people. The)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(experimentations with secularism in the Islamic world so far have been q\ uite interventionist,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.088 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(thus increasing frictions in those societies. A liberal form of seculari\ sm could work in these)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(countries. The fact that most Islamic political parties in the Islamic w\ orld today are moving)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.005 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(away from the idea of establishing an Islamic )0.5 (state and imposing Islamic law is a testament)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(to the fact that it is not an enshrined ideology. Increasingly, Islamic \ political parties support)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.032 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(the notion of citizenship and the will of the people over the concept of\ the sovereignty of God.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.096 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(They have progressively moved away from the notion of the Islamic utopia\ n state \(Gerges)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.027 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(2013\). This is not discounting the model promoted by the Islamic State \ of Iraq and Syria \(ISIS\),)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm (which represents a fringe movement in the Islamic world.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.047 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(This has become apparent in the rise of the Justice and Development Part\ y \(AKP\) in Turkey.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(This party has refocused on )0.5 (emphasizing )0.5 (individual rights, )0.5 (including )0.5 (religious freedom, over)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.091 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(establishing )0.5 (an )0.5 (Islamic )0.5 (state. )0.5 (This )0.5 (has )0.5 (created )0.6 (a )0.5 (dynamic )0.5 (where )0.5 (moderate )0.5 (secularists )0.5 (and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.132 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(moderate Islamists have )0.5 (found common )0.5 (ground )0.5 (\(Kanra )0.5 (and )0.5 (Ercan )0.5 (2012\). The )0.5 (point )0.5 (is that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.001 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(some limited form of government that embodies those values and ethics co\ nsidered Islamic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.086 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm [(is more tenable in the Islamic world than the current form which is heav\ ily centralized and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.101 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(considered aloof from )0.5 (these )0.5 (values and ethics. The question is, )0.5 (what )0.5 (are these values and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm (ethics?)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.028 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(The )0.5 (core values )0.5 (and ethics )0.5 (in )0.5 (Islam are )0.5 (best understood )0.5 (through a )0.5 (discussion of )0.5 (the )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 498.8561 407.3899 Tm [(maqasid)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm (al-shariah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.025 Tw 10 0 0 10 105.4593 395.3899 Tm [(. This approach to understanding Islamic law emphasizes a rigorous inter\ pretation)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.129 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm (and application of the Qur\222an with a focus on public interest, which \ is known as )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 496.7161 383.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 544.1757 383.3899 Tm (. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tc 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm (As explained by Rane \(2012\), \223the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 235.4584 371.3899 Tm (maqasid)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 283.278 371.3899 Tm ( approach emphasizes public interest and well-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.155 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm (being \()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 89.1426 359.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.155 Tw 10 0 0 10 136.6021 359.3899 Tm [(\), rejects literal readings of sacred texts, and gives priority to the \ spirit of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.071 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm [(the message of the Qur\222an and Prophetic traditions\224 \(497\). The p\ urpose of this approach is)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.099 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm (to engage in )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 123.1578 335.3899 Tm (ijtihad)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.099 Tw 10 0 0 10 156.9173 335.3899 Tm [(, which is legal reasoning in Islamic law, allowing jurists to solve iss\ ues)39.9 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.058 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(in society creatively while obeying the Will of God. This relies on an a\ pplication of the value)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm (system of Islamic law and its deeper meanings.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm [(The classical Islamic scholar al-Ghazali developed this concept by deriv\ ing the five general)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.065 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm (protections in Islamic law from the Qur\222an and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 306.4991 275.3899 Tm (sunnah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.065 Tw 10 0 0 10 346.4789 275.3899 Tm [(. These are the protection of religion,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.116 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(life, intellect, family lineage and wealth. An additional protection of \ dignity and honor was)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.126 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(later added )0.5 (to these core protections. )0.5 (These have since )0.5 (been )0.5 (expanded on to include )0.5 (the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.062 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(protection of life and property, general equality, the social contract, \ the preservation of the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.033 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(rights to reason, procreation and religion. If anything, these represent\ the generally accepted)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm (regime values in the Islamic world that would form the basis for an Isla\ mic public ethic.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.335 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm (Al-Shatibi, another classical Islamic scholar, created a theory of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 426.6193 191.3899 Tm (maqasid)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.335 Tw 10 0 0 10 474.4388 191.3899 Tm [( by focusing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm (on )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 67.3053 179.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.164 Tw 10 0 0 10 114.7649 179.3899 Tm [(. )0.5 (He created )0.5 (three levels )0.5 (of )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 270.7757 179.3899 Tm (maslaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.164 Tw 10 0 0 10 318.2353 179.3899 Tm [( )0.5 (starting with )0.5 (these core )0.5 (protections )0.5 (and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.076 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(expanding outward to include the needs and luxuries of society. This rel\ ied on an inductive)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.016 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm (reading of the Qur\222an to understand the objective of the verses. This\ also challenged the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 524.5958 155.3899 Tm [(usul)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm (al-fiqh)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.082 Tw 10 0 0 10 85.4395 143.3899 Tm ( approach, which is Islamic jurisprudence based on the Qur\222an and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 457.6457 143.3899 Tm (sunnah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 497.6255 143.3899 Tm (. )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.092 Tw 10 0 0 10 504.0181 143.3899 Tm (Usul al-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm (fiqh)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 69.5097 131.3899 Tm [( is a study and understanding of the texts of Islam and its legal ruling\ s largely based on)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm (12)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 5.83 0 0 5.83 58.7499 122.7199 Tm (th)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 65.0695 119.3899 Tm (-century legal theory \(Johnston 2007; Auda 2011; and Rane 2012\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.007 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(His theory was based on the concept that every ruling had an objective o\ r legal aim which in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(general was to achieve good and )0.5 (prevent harm. The rulings in )0.5 (the Qur\222an focused on worship,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.257 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm [(customs, interpersonal relations, transactions and punishments. The juri\ st was expected)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 787.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 293.0929 25.5001 Tm (31)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 802.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 792.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1622 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.199 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm (Islamic history as well as fundamental concepts in the Qur\222an and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 429.6735 767.3899 Tm (sunnah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.199 Tw 10 0 0 10 469.6533 767.3899 Tm [( \(traditions of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.147 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(the Prophet Muhammad\) assert that religion and government are closely r\ elated to each)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.001 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(other. This is the case today. Fish \(2011\) found through various secon\ dary data sources using)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.058 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(different quantitative statistical approaches that Muslims are unusually\ religious, believe that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.167 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(politicians )0.5 (who do )0.5 (not )0.5 (believe in )0.5 (God )0.5 (are )0.5 (not )0.5 (fit )0.5 (for office )0.5 (and )0.5 (are )0.5 (more )0.5 (likely )0.5 (to )0.5 (support)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.158 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(religiosity among their political leaders. Despite these affinities for \ religiosity it cannot )0.5 (be)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.202 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(ignored that Muslim countries have issues with corrupt leadership, which\ is an apparent)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm (contradiction.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.115 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(Potentially as a catalyst for these issues Hamid \(2016\) added that Isl\ am and its system of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm (laws known as )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 131.6117 647.3899 Tm (sharia)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 165.3412 647.3899 Tm [( bound Muslims together historically, and nothing has replaced it with)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.228 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(the same veracity, including anything from the local culture or the colo\ nial legacy. This)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.104 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(has left a hollow legacy, where the demand for religious leadership is t\ here, but the law is)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(absent. In Turkey, for example, the founders wanted to disconnect the ne\ w state from Islam by)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(secularizing the institutions of the state, education and the law while \ adopting the symbols of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.016 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(Europe. In addition, it tried to secularize the personal life of its cit\ izens through a new type of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(religion, the \223Cult of Ataturk\224 \(Kucukcan 2010\). This has altere\ d the culture in Turkey, but Islam)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.006 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(is still a powerful force there, as proven by the fact that an Islamic p\ olitical party has been in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(control )0.5 (since )0.5 (the early 2000s. )0.5 (This control )0.5 (is )0.5 (wavering )0.5 (due )0.5 (to )0.5 (accusations of )0.5 (corruption )0.5 (and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm (autocratic behavior.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.206 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(Samier \(2014\) noted that public administration is undergoing a process\ of Islamicization)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.486 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(which is cultural, institutional and instrumental. The instrumental chan\ ges are most)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.104 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(important because they include the norms of practice and the structures \ and functions of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.048 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(the organization that emerge from them. Samier \(2014\) further added th\ at these values are)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.119 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm (based on a continuation of a tradition that is based on the Qur\222an an\ d the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 468.6755 467.3899 Tm (Sunnah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.119 Tw 10 0 0 10 509.2553 467.3899 Tm [(, along)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.009 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm [(with a robust interpretive and hermeneutic tradition that is also influe\ nced by a cultural and)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm (colonial legacy.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.078 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(According to Cusack \(2010\) religion is not independent from its social\ and cultural context.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.225 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(Islam is not different in that \223the conquest inaugurated a civilizati\ onal process in which)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.026 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(Arabs and non-Arabs together reconceptualized and reworked the legacy of\ the past within)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.166 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm [(the framework )0.5 (of Islam\224 )0.5 (\(Darling )0.5 (2014, )0.5 (408\). The )0.5 (Prophet Muhammad decentralized )0.5 (many)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.193 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(responsibilities to the local community, officially making Islamic gover\ nance local with a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm [(resistance to centralized control. At this level there were disputes ove\ r following the Qur\222an)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.223 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (and incorporating local culture and customs. The concept of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 398.5224 347.3899 Tm (rukha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.223 Tw 10 0 0 10 428.9622 347.3899 Tm [( \(concessions\) along)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.159 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm (with the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 98.0596 335.3899 Tm (madahib)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.159 Tw 10 0 0 10 147.0592 335.3899 Tm [( \(schools of thought\) with different interpretations of the role of hu\ man)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.064 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm (reasoning \()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 111.5822 323.3899 Tm (qiyas)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.064 Tw 10 0 0 10 140.4117 323.3899 Tm ( and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 168.9572 323.3899 Tm (ijtihad)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.064 Tw 10 0 0 10 202.7167 323.3899 Tm [(\) allowed an adaptation and flexibility to social circumstances.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.012 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(This )0.5 (created )0.5 (local diversity )0.5 (which simultaneously transformed )0.5 (society i.e. )0.5 (Islamicizing it )0.5 (while)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm (accommodating local culture \(Hursh 2009\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.148 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm [(Given these existential realities regarding the role of culture in Islam\ ic society the Muslim)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.047 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm [(countries naturally represent a diversity of approaches to public admini\ stration in the Islamic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.104 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(world. Still, Islam is the most salient factor that unites these incredi\ bly diverse populations)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(even within a single nation-state. A fact that initially was quite inclu\ sive of everyone within)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.258 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(the state including non-Muslims. This is a foundational concept, as the \ \223Constitution of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm (Medina\224 during the time of the Prophet Muhammad initially defined the\ )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 430.752 227.3899 Tm (ummah)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 472.912 227.3899 Tm [( \(community\))40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm (as Muslims and non-Muslims living together under mutual protection \(Arj\ omand 2009\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.125 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(The conundrum is that there is no blueprint for an Islamic government. A\ fsaruddin \(2006\) noted)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.016 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(that the Qur\222an contains concerns over the proper ordering of human a\ ffairs, but not specific)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.084 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(legal rulings on the topic. There are only moral principles and guidelin\ es. There appears to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm [(be a large amount of freedom to determine the structure and function of \ government in the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(Islamic world so long as that structure and function considers the objec\ tives of Islam \(Popa)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm [(2012\). Popa \(2012\) argued that Islamic government is theoretically no\ t a theocracy where the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(leaders are divine or invested with some spiritual authority. It is more\ of a nomocracy in which)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm (a state is subsumed under religious laws and morals.)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.5529 25.5001 Tm (30)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1623 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm (revenues\) \(Hummel 2013; Hummel and Goud 2017\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(In addition, the Islamic empires were focused on expanding social welfar\ e and developing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.031 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(the economy. )0.5 (As stated )0.5 (by )0.5 (Oberauer )0.5 (\(2013\), \223for the )0.5 (early Muslim )0.5 (community, one )0.5 (of )0.5 (the )0.5 (most)39.9 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.052 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(pressing tasks was to mobilize resources for military self-assertion and\ \226 later \226 expansion.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.114 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(With the evolution of the conquest society, other tasks came to the fore\ , most notably the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.071 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(provision of basic welfare within increasing complex social structures \226\ a task that called for a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm [(much more sophisticated allocation of public and charitable funds\224 \(\ 23\). One tool developed)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.133 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(by the Islamic empires that expanded social welfare and economic develop\ ment was the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm (waqf)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.181 Tw 10 0 0 10 75.6098 659.3899 Tm [(. )0.5 (The )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 107.0702 659.3899 Tm (waqf)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.181 Tw 10 0 0 10 133.6799 659.3899 Tm [( )0.5 (developed a )0.5 (little later, )0.5 (possibly )0.5 (100 years )0.5 (after )0.5 (the )0.5 (death of )0.5 (the Prophet)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.059 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(Muhammad. It is essentially a religious endowment in which most public g\ oods provided in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm (the Islamic world were provided through this institution \(Joseph 2014; \ Kuran 2001\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm (The )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 74.7598 611.3899 Tm (waqf)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.348 Tw 10 0 0 10 101.3696 611.3899 Tm [( fostered an Islamic civil society that focused on increasing socio-econ\ omic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(equality. These endowments provided education, utilities, charity and he\ althcare to name a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(few of their functions. Specifically, in the Ottoman Empire, where a lar\ ge percentage of land)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.178 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(was )0.5 (endowed, )0.5 (the )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 154.453 575.3899 Tm (waqf)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.178 Tw 10 0 0 10 181.0628 575.3899 Tm [( )0.5 (were )0.6 (focused )0.5 (on )0.5 (eliminating )0.5 (poverty, )0.6 (financing )0.5 (building )0.5 (projects,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.129 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(caring )0.5 (for )0.6 (the )0.5 (elderly )0.5 (and )0.6 (disabled, )0.5 (promoting )0.5 (urban )0.6 (development, )0.6 (financing )0.5 (public )0.5 (works)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm (and spreading Islam \(Setia 2014; Joseph 2014; Kuran 2001\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.085 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(Interestingly, as society Islamicized, non-Muslims also played a role in\ these empires. As noted)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.02 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(by Sirry \(2011\), \223non-Muslim elements of )0.5 (society )0.5 (have been at the very centre of government)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.188 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm (administration. Without attention to their role, it is hard to understan\ d the place of non-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.012 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(Muslims in the early development of the Muslim \221state\222\224 \(187\)\ . Sirry \(2011\) described a number)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(of non-Muslim viziers and secretariats in the Abbasid and Fatimid empire\ s. In addition, Kinra)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm (\(2010\) described a similar dynamic in the Mughal empire.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.048 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(Over more than a thousand years of Islamic administration a number of sc\ holars produced)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.074 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(well-cited works on government and leadership. Some of these figures inc\ lude al-Mawardi,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.135 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, al-Kindi, Ibn Rushd, al-Farabi, Ibn Zafar, Ib\ n Adam and al-Mulk.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.099 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(Some )0.5 (of )0.5 (these )0.5 (figures )0.5 (were )0.5 (influenced )0.5 (by )0.5 (Arab-Islamic )0.5 (thought )0.5 (and )0.5 (some )0.5 (were )0.5 (influenced)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(by Helleno-Islamic thought couched within pre-Islamic administrative and\ cultural practices)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.127 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm (in the region. These works focused on the development of government as a\ religio-socio-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.212 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(political organization that included robust discussions of the Caliph, I\ slamic legal norms)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.075 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm (and consensus \()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 139.8344 359.3899 Tm (ijma)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.075 Tw 10 0 0 10 163.4341 359.3899 Tm [(\) in the community \(Rizvi 1981; Hillenbrand 1988; Dekmejian and Thabit\ )40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm [(2000\). In addition, there was a focus on the personality, character and\ values of leadership.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.098 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm [(For example, physiognomy was an important practice in Islamic empires. T\ his was a focus)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.145 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(on selecting the right people for administrative posts based on the mora\ l qualities of the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.064 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(individual. As noted by Leli\036 \(2017\) it was the, \223technique for \ extrapolating concealed truths)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.11 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm [(based on outward hints and prior knowledge of the meaning of those hints\ \224 \(618\). Caliphs)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm (were trained in this practice.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.082 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(Those works that combined Islamic and Hellenistic thought focused on the\ convergence of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.054 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(Islamic norms and the work of Plato and Aristotle. A prominent example o\ f this type of work)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm (is )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.01 Tw 10 0 0 10 60.4634 239.3899 Tm (The Virtuous City)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.009 Tw 10 0 0 10 151.4995 239.3899 Tm [( by al-Farabi \(Hall 2015; Khalidi 2003\). Al-Farabi influenced Ibn Rush\ d, one)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.171 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(of the prominent figures of the Islamic Renaissance, who wrote a comment\ ary on Plato\222s)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.004 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm [(Republic. He placed emphasis on the importance of the philosopher king w\ ho is virtuous and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm (just. He added that the ruling figure must have a deep knowledge of the \ law \(Martin 1996\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(These )0.5 (early )0.5 (scholars )0.5 (on )0.5 (Islamic )0.5 (government )0.5 (had )0.5 (a )0.5 (major )0.5 (influence )0.5 (on )0.5 (20)]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 5.83 0 0 5.83 444.632 182.7199 Tm (th)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 450.9516 179.3899 Tm [(-century )0.5 (scholars)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.12 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(that focused on Islamicizing the modern-day nation-state. These scholars\ include Rashad)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.059 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm [(Rida and Abul Ala Maududi, to name only a few. Rashad Rida developed the\ concept of the)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.134 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(natural law in Islam, where reason and revelation were )0.5 (complementary )0.5 (much as )0.5 (with Ibn Rushd,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm (and emphasized the concepts of )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 228.0186 131.3899 Tm (ijma)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 251.6183 131.3899 Tm ( and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 278.4981 131.3899 Tm (shura)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 309.0078 131.3899 Tm [( \(consultation\). Abul Ala Maududi conceived)39.9 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.177 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(of )0.5 (Islam )0.5 (and )0.5 (God )0.5 (as )0.5 (having )0.5 (both )0.5 (temporal )0.5 (and )0.5 (ephemeral )0.5 (meanings )0.5 (and )0.5 (consequences)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm (\(Seferta 1985; Afsaruddin 2006; Ahmad 2009\).)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.6129 25.5001 Tm (29)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1624 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.171 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 763.1899 Tm (The development of public administration ethics and values in the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 749.1899 Tm (Islamic world)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.043 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 725.1899 Tm [(The first 13 years of the early Muslim community in Mecca coincided with\ a period when the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.11 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 713.1899 Tm [(Muslims )0.5 (were )0.5 (weak, )0.5 (oppressed )0.5 (and )0.5 (struggling )0.5 (for )0.5 (a )0.5 (base )0.6 (of )0.5 (control )0.5 (from )0.5 (which )0.5 (they )0.5 (could)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.001 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 701.1899 Tm [(practice )0.5 (their )0.6 (religion )0.5 (freely. )0.5 (After )0.6 (the )0.6 (migration )0.5 (to )0.5 (Medina, )0.5 (which )0.5 (is )0.5 (the )0.5 (basis )0.5 (for )0.6 (the )0.5 (Muslims)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.091 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 689.1899 Tm [(calendar, the people of Medina instated Muhammad as the head of the city\ -state, and for)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.13 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 677.1899 Tm [(the next ten years before the death of the Prophet the interpretations a\ nd applications of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 665.1899 Tm [(the Qur\222an became more oriented towards the task of maintaining a sep\ arate political and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.237 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 653.1899 Tm [(administrative entity under near continuous conflict with the neighborin\ g tribes, internal)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 641.1899 Tm [(tribes in Medina and eventually the Byzantine and Sasanian empires. The \ legacy bequeathed)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.112 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 629.1899 Tm [(by this period does not list injunctions about the theory of political g\ overnance, but moral)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 617.1899 Tm (principles about it \(\307aha 2003\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.11 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 593.1899 Tm [(In less than a century the Islamic empire spread from China and India in\ the East to West)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.172 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 581.1899 Tm [(Africa in the West under the first Caliphs. The Muslims were incredibly \ adaptable to their)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 569.1899 Tm [(new environments, establishing new cities, standardizing soldiers\222 pa\ y, maintaining initially)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.434 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 557.1899 Tm [(Byzantine and Persian administrative systems while Islamicizing them 50 \ years later,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.169 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 545.1899 Tm [(incorporating the present tax and public finance systems and developing \ their own ones)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.288 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 533.1899 Tm [(based on Islam, implementing free trade across the empire along with a c\ ommodities)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.192 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 521.1899 Tm [(exchange, establishing a merit-based system inside an increasingly devel\ oping civil and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 509.1899 Tm [(military bureaucracy, and instituting the concept of personal responsibi\ lity on behalf of the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 497.1899 Tm (ruler for his people \(Lewis 2008; and Drechsler 2014\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.037 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 473.1899 Tm [(The Islamic empires developed a bureaucratic system that enforced the la\ w, raised revenues)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.343 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 461.1899 Tm [(and supported the economy. For example, Mughal administration in India e\ mphasized)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.038 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 449.1899 Tm [(maintaining a healthy treasury, a strong army and law and order \(Kinra \ 2010\). A key aspect of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 437.1899 Tm (upholding the law was the maintenance of a robust judiciary.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.092 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 413.1899 Tm (Islamic judges or )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 146.6508 413.1899 Tm (qadis)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.092 Tw 10 0 0 10 176.6104 413.1899 Tm [( were a critical arm of the state. In the Ottoman Empire the judicial)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.045 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 401.1899 Tm (order was headed by the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 184.3948 401.1899 Tm (Shaykh-ul-Islam)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.045 Tw 10 0 0 10 273.6338 401.1899 Tm [( \(the religious leader of the Islamic world\), who was)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.018 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 389.1899 Tm (also head of the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 138.6492 389.1899 Tm (ulama)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tw 10 0 0 10 173.3289 389.1899 Tm (. Beneath him was the head of the judiciary named the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 469.1863 389.1899 Tm (qadaskar)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.018 Tw 10 0 0 10 520.2858 389.1899 Tm [(, and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.119 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 377.1899 Tm (beneath the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 115.3582 377.1899 Tm (qadaskar)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.119 Tw 10 0 0 10 166.4576 377.1899 Tm [( were the various judges who headed the judicial districts throughout th\ e)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 365.1899 Tm [(empire. At its peak these judges also served as mayors and chiefs of pol\ ice, but primarily they)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.124 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 353.1899 Tm (implemented the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 147.1375 353.1899 Tm (sharia)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.124 Tw 10 0 0 10 180.867 353.1899 Tm [( \(Islamic law\), oversaw marriages, dealt with orphans, maintained)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.337 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 341.1899 Tm [(records of judgements, resolved local disputes and oversaw contractual r\ elations. The)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 329.1899 Tm [(importance of these courts remained in the Ottoman Empire up until the F\ irst Constitutional)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.094 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 317.1899 Tm (Period, when these )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 149.9809 317.1899 Tm (sharia)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.094 Tw 10 0 0 10 183.7104 317.1899 Tm [( courts operated alongside regular courts. This dual legal system has)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.02 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 305.1899 Tm [(been maintained in many modern Islamic countries like Malaysia, although\ largely relegated)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 293.1899 Tm (to family law \(Hanio\037lu 2010; Ergene 2004; Akg\374nd\374z 2009\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 269.1899 Tm [(Islamic empires also had a sophisticated system for generating revenues \ for the government.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.046 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 257.1899 Tm (One of the earliest sources on public finance in Islam is Yahya ibn Adam\ \222s )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.052 Tw 10 0 0 10 455.179 257.1899 Tm (Kitab al-Kharadj)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 544.2957 257.1899 Tm (, )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tc -0.057 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 245.1899 Tm [(developed during the Abbasid reign. This book focused mainly on the trad\ itions of the Prophet)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.148 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 233.1899 Tm [(Muhammad )0.5 (and )0.5 (his )0.5 (companions )0.5 (and )0.5 (therefore )0.5 (relied )0.5 (more )0.5 (on )0.5 (political-ethical )0.5 (standards)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 221.1899 Tm (\(Kallek 2001; Fritschy 2008; Tomic 2010\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.148 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 197.1899 Tm [(In more concrete terms Cosgel \(2005\) described output and input taxes \ in Islam, labeled)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 185.1899 Tm (muqasama)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 111.4597 185.1899 Tm ( and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 138.2713 185.1899 Tm (misaha)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf -0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 178.571 185.1899 Tm [(, respectively. Cosgel \(2005\) also asserted that there is an enterpris\ e)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.109 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 173.1899 Tm (tax in Islam labeled a )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 172.589 173.1899 Tm (maqtu)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.109 Tw 10 0 0 10 208.4488 173.1899 Tm (. A strict interpretation of Islam only allows the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 470.1905 173.1899 Tm (zakat)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.109 Tw 10 0 0 10 499.0503 173.1899 Tm [( \(Islamic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 161.1899 Tm (tithe\), the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 104.5054 161.1899 Tm (ushr)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 127.8551 161.1899 Tm [( \(10 percent on agrarian revenue\) and 2.5 percent on liquid personal p\ roperty)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 149.1899 Tm (\()Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 0.04 Tc -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 53.94 149.1899 Tm (zakat-ul-mal)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 124.9993 149.1899 Tm (\) for Muslims \(Fritschy 2008\). There was also the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 393.7424 149.1899 Tm (jizya)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 417.6219 149.1899 Tm [(, which is a non-Muslim)39.9 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 137.1899 Tm (poll tax.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 113.1899 Tm [(The Ottoman Empire, for example, had developed a public financing system\ with standardized)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.132 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 101.1899 Tm [(rates. They relied on lump-sum taxes and production taxes on output. The\ y also relied on)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 89.1899 Tm [(land taxes. Towards the end of the Ottoman Empire there was a reliance o\ n tax farmers who)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 77.1899 Tm [(bid for )0.5 (tax districts to )0.5 (secure the right )0.5 (to )0.5 (collect the taxes called )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 409.2099 77.1899 Tm (malikanes)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 464.5193 77.1899 Tm [(. They )0.5 (began a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 65.1899 Tm (debt market through the )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 186.149 65.1899 Tm (malikanes)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 241.4585 65.1899 Tm ( \(advances on tax revenue\) and )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 420.0268 65.1899 Tm (eshams)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 462.5265 65.1899 Tm [( \(percent of tax)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 291.6078 25.5001 Tm (28)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1625 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 4/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1626 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc -0.02 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(the United States, for example, may not work outside of that context \(D\ wivedi 1990; Meacham)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.136 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(1999; Heady 1995; Hood 1989; Riggs 1991; Riggs 1998\). Jreisat \(2011\) \ also included that \223significant)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(attempts to study the rest of the world outside Europe and North America\ have to evolve if)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm (research is to respond to demonstrable needs\224 \(835\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.028 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(Hou et al. \(2011\) went a step further and advocated for a Public Admin\ istration with a Global)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.113 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(Perspective \(PAGP\) paradigm, )0.5 (in )0.5 (which the current focus on Western forms )0.5 (of government)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.088 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm [(would no longer be adequate. They note that public administration needs \ to expand to include)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(cultural contexts and acceptance of inter-dependent problems across nati\ onal boundaries.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(Despite )0.5 (this call )0.5 (Jreisat )0.5 (\(2011\) )0.5 (lamented that )0.5 (\223regardless )0.5 (of )0.5 (need, )0.5 (however, )0.5 (in )0.5 (the )0.5 (short run, )0.5 (it)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.012 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(seems that CPA will persist in concentrating its research on Europe and \ the United States for)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.003 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(some practical considerations related to cost, language, knowledge of cu\ lture, and the state)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.024 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(of existing data. Regrettably, we cannot rule out consideration of ingra\ ined and subtle biases)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm (in the social sciences in general that disfavor certain countries and cu\ ltures\224 \(836\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.163 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(The general lack of focus in CPA research on culture and the developing \ world has been)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.162 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(met with increasing research on indigenous administration, particularly \ in the developing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(world. According to Samier \(2014\), CPA was most dominant in the 1960s \ and 1970s, when most)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.112 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(of this research was focused on the developing world. The goal was the i\ dentification and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.18 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm [(clarification of universals in public administration to compare develope\ d and developing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(countries \(Jun 1976\). This has now been followed by internationalizati\ on and indigenization.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.018 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(Indigenized public administration is focused on each jurisdiction as an \ individual and unique)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.104 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(entity. This is a step further than traditional CPA, which attempts to u\ nderstand the role of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.257 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(culture in facilitating or impeding generally accepted global administra\ tive practices. It)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(argues )0.5 (that )0.5 (culture )0.5 (is )0.5 (critical )0.5 (in )0.5 (the )0.5 (managerial )0.5 (development )0.5 (of )0.6 (a )0.5 (country )0.5 (and )0.5 (remains )0.5 (unique)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm (outside of global administrative practices \(Samier 2014\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.098 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(In an article on Brazilian public administration, Candler \(2002\) descr\ ibed scholarship on public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.021 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(administration in Brazil that has emphasized local models. The author fo\ und that there were)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.012 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(many unique aspects of culture in Brazil that had real implications for \ public administration.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.089 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(These were not entirely positive, such as the dominance of private inter\ ests over the state.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.227 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(Reform efforts )0.5 (in Brazil )0.5 (have mirrored )0.5 (neo-liberal frameworks )0.5 (while still )0.5 (emphasizing the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.054 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm [(importance of local models of administration. The author argued that des\ pite the importance)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(of local culture in developing the norms of administration there also ex\ isted the need for a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm [(more empirical assessment of global administrative practice and its appl\ ication at the local)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (level.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.215 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(In Europe public sector reforms and the expansion of the European Union \ have led to a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.252 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(discussion on public values and ethics in individual countries. In Denma\ rk, for example,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.045 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm [(Vrangb\346k \(2009\) surveyed public sector managers in the country and \ found that the top five)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm [(values )0.5 (are )0.6 (innovation, )0.5 (professional )0.6 (standards, )0.5 (accountability, )0.5 (transparency )0.6 (and )0.5 (due )0.5 (process.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.177 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm (These values exemplify more hierarchical values, such as rule-following \ and the politics-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(administration )0.5 (dichotomy, )0.5 (except )0.5 (for )0.5 (innovation, )0.5 (which )0.5 (is )0.5 (more )0.5 (market-based. )0.5 (These )0.5 (values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.051 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(are not unique to Denmark, but their prioritization is different from ot\ her countries. In this case)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.043 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(despite the connection of Denmark to the wider Western norms of public a\ dministration there)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm (is still a local tradition that is important for the structure and funct\ ion of their government.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.505 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm [(The Islamic world provides a unique case in the discussion of comparativ\ e public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.048 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(administration. It is quite diverse even within a single country with na\ tional identities barely)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.198 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(competing with religious and tribal identities. The modern era has seen \ more successful)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.075 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(adaptations in the Muslim world to the concept of a nation-state and com\ plete failures on)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.186 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm [(the other hand. In general, the Islamic world post-colonialism is experi\ encing an identity)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(crisis that merits new thinking and applications that consider the inter\ connections of religion,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.103 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm [(public values, ethics and contextual factors which can all be facilitate\ d through a comparative)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.049 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 119.3899 Tm [(public administration lens. The next section explores this topic in more\ detail, particularly as it)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm (applies to the application of public ethics and values.)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 292.0328 25.5001 Tm (27)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1627 0 obj <> endobj 1628 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1629 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 1/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1630 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 2/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1631 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/StructParents 3/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 1632 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.38 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(Collective and social decisions are based on explicit and implicit moral\ values. Even)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.224 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(professional ethics in public administration contain abstract values lik\ e achieving social)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.07 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(justice. Those institutions construct the social environments in which g\ overnments operate,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.14 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(and these are defined by social values, norms and realities. Apparently,\ these values and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.004 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(ethics do not have to be based within a religious orientation, but they \ are often based within)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.072 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(this reality. Public administrators are confronted with a wide range of \ these social and cultural)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.013 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(values. These values are societal insofar as the organizations that oper\ ate in these societies)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm (must be consistent with these values \(Molina 2015\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.192 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(Molina \(2015\) defined public service values as having a professional, \ ethical, democratic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.212 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(and human basis. This includes the values of honesty, integrity, social \ justice, efficiency,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.347 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(innovativeness, reliability, transparency, lawfulness, benevolence and i\ nclusiveness. The)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.149 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(crossover of religious values and some of these values is clear. Secular\ ism and pluralism)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.142 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(place emphasis on the need for a secular religion of public service or a\ civil religion that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm (would allow a consensus on values for societal cohesion.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.123 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(In contrast, research on value pluralism encourages a lack of unity on t\ hese values as an)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(aspect of a healthy democracy. Values conflict not only between systems,\ but within systems,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.089 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm [(as well. A )0.5 (choice )0.5 (between )0.5 (values involves difficult decisions. As noted by Overeem )0.5 (and )0.5 (Verhoef)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.095 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.3899 Tm [(\(2014\), \223value pluralists argue that in the course of our lives \(a\ nd particularly when we are)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.137 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(involved in public decision making\) we encounter deep conflicts between\ different values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.029 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(that all appear to have intrinsic moral worth, but cannot all be realize\ d simultaneously\224 \(991\).)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.171 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(This discussion highlights that values are of intrinsic importance, whet\ her they conflict in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(public )0.5 (service )0.5 (or )0.5 (not, )0.5 (and )0.5 (that )0.6 (these )0.6 (values )0.5 (inform )0.5 (public )0.5 (administration )0.5 (ethics. )0.5 (Waldo )0.6 (\(1984\))40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.172 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(referred )0.5 (to )0.5 (ethics )0.5 (and )0.5 (their )0.5 (underlying )0.5 (values )0.5 (as )0.5 (criteria )0.5 (for )0.5 (action. It )0.5 (also )0.5 (highlights )0.5 (that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.07 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(understanding different value systems is critical in understanding how o\ thers govern and that)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm [(those same dynamics are at play in those societies. This places importan\ ce on approaching)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.192 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 443.3899 Tm [(public administration from a comparative and global perspective. )0.5 (The )0.5 (next section is on)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.098 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(comparative public administration and the importance of )0.5 (understanding local culture and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm (its influence on different approaches to government.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 49 383.3899 Tm (Comparative public administration and culture)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.376 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm [(CPA takes into consideration the role of culture in determining manageri\ al practices;)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.151 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm [(however, only 38 )0.5 (percent )0.5 (of articles written between 2000 )0.5 (and 2009 considered it in )0.5 (their)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.049 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.3899 Tm [(analyses \(Jreisat 2005; Fitzpatrick et al. 2011\). Fitzpatrick et al. \(\ 2011\) added that despite this)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.178 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(scarcity )0.5 (of )0.5 (research )0.5 (on )0.5 (culture )0.5 (in )0.5 (CPA )0.5 (culture )0.5 (needs )0.6 (to )0.6 (be )0.6 (a )0.5 (significant )0.5 (variable )0.5 (in )0.6 (these)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.024 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(analyses, especially since )0.5 (it can )0.5 (impact )0.5 (the implementation of )0.5 (an administrative )0.5 (innovation)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.046 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm [(or intervention. Further, Jreisat \(2011\) noted that the effects of cul\ ture and value systems on)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm (managerial practices are largely unknown, especially in public administr\ ation.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.17 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(The importance of understanding the role of culture in public administra\ tion is critical to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.14 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(the purpose of research in CPA. One of the goals of this research is to \ gain knowledge of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.228 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(others for a balanced perspective in which it focuses on the diversity a\ nd uniformity of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.027 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(administrative practice across different contexts \(Jreisat 2005\). Fitz\ patrick et al. \(2011\) stated)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.158 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm [(that )0.5 (\223comparative )0.5 (perspectives )0.5 (allow )0.5 (us )0.5 (to )0.5 (move )0.5 (from an )0.6 (ethnocentric, )0.5 (parochial )0.5 (view )0.5 (of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.3899 Tm [(public administration in the United States and the goal of identifying t\ he single best approach)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.094 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(to a problem to recognizing that theories and solutions must take into a\ ccount the context and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.002 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(culture in which they are introduced and implemented in order to determi\ ne what outcomes)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.17 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(will be achieved\224 \(827\). In addition, Jreisat \(2011\) added that \223\ cross-cultural comparative)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.06 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm [(research has had a transforming effect on the field of public administra\ tion. Opening up to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.111 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(the )0.5 (experiences )0.6 (of )0.5 (other )0.5 (countries )0.5 (encouraged )0.5 (a )0.6 (transition )0.5 (from )0.5 (a )0.6 (traditional )0.5 (ethnocentric)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm (view of the field to a global subject of human learning, teaching and re\ search\224 \(834\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.075 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm (In the field of public administration historically there has been a fail\ ure to appreciate non-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.057 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(Western )0.5 (contributions )0.5 (and )0.5 (an )0.6 (under-appreciation )0.5 (of )0.5 (local )0.5 (traditions. )0.5 (This )0.5 (lack )0.5 (of )0.5 (appreciation)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.154 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(is embodied by an ethnocentricism in public administration focused on We\ stern forms of)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.014 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm [(government. There has also been a growing realization that forms of publ\ ic administration in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.5878 25.5001 Tm (26)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1633 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.179 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(Islamic government simply acquired the governing traditions of the previ\ ous non-Muslim)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.17 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(administrations, which could range from Roman and Persian to Hindustani.\ In other ways)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.152 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(it added )0.5 (many elements )0.5 (to )0.5 (those traditions, transforming )0.5 (those governments into )0.5 (Islamic)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.032 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(governments. These additional elements can be associated with the unique\ aspect of Islam)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm (and its impact on different societies around the world \(Lewis 2008; \307\ aha 2003\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.003 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm [(This article is not only focused on the )0.5 (continual )0.5 (relevance of religion in )0.5 (public administration)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.063 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 683.3899 Tm [(from a general perspective, but on the Islamic world and its continual c\ onflict over the role)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.156 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(of religion in the state. The developed world is largely secular, but th\ e literature in public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.084 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(administration finds that religion and the values and culture that infor\ m, and are informed)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.047 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(by, )0.5 (it )0.5 (have mostly informal )0.5 (roles. )0.5 (This )0.5 (discussion )0.5 (has )0.5 (relevance )0.5 (for )0.5 (the understanding )0.5 (of )0.5 (the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.106 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm [(pogroms in the Islamic world, where it has been accepted for some time t\ hat religion and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.085 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(the state are not separate even formally and in so-called secular states\ . This is due to the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(lack of distinction between the sacred and the secular in Islam. The nex\ t section considers)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(the conjoined concepts of religion, the development of a civil religion \ to supersede it and a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm (discussion of public administration values and ethics.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tc 14 0 0 14 49 549.3899 Tm (Religion, civil religion and public administration values and ethics)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.068 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 525.3899 Tm [(There has been some research on specific religions, their values and pub\ lic administration.)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.006 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 513.3899 Tm [(For example, Christianity, Judaism and Hinduism have been explored as th\ ey apply to public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.115 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 501.3899 Tm [(administration )0.5 (\(DeHaven-Smith )0.5 (2003; )0.6 (Yanow )0.5 (2003; )0.5 (Subramanian )0.5 (1967\). )0.5 (There )0.5 (is )0.5 (also )0.6 (a )0.6 (growing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 489.3899 Tm [(literature on Islam \(Drechsler 2014\). This research considers religion\ to be an important factor)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.155 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 477.3899 Tm [(in the function of government while also recognizing that there are impo\ rtant differences)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 465.3899 Tm (between religions.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.16 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 441.3899 Tm [(Casanova \(2003\) )0.5 (argued that )0.5 (religion is )0.5 (both behavioral )0.5 (and )0.5 (institutional. The )0.5 (behavioral)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.219 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 429.3899 Tm [(aspect of religion influences individual values and can contribute to a \ public voice. The)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.141 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 417.3899 Tm [(institutional aspect of religion is more formal through faith-based init\ iatives and religious)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.03 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 405.3899 Tm [(interest groups. These aspects are apparent in democratic and secular so\ cieties, such as the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.026 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 393.3899 Tm [(United States, where religious beliefs and values can inform support or \ opposition to a policy.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.207 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 381.3899 Tm [(Religious groups have also become involved with policy implementation vi\ a government)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.059 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 369.3899 Tm [(funding for specific programs and projects. In electoral politics religi\ ous groups have become)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 357.3899 Tm (important lobby groups for various initiatives.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.306 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 333.3899 Tm [(Dwight Waldo made the case that religion could contribute to the develop\ ment of an)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.314 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 321.3899 Tm [(administrative theology \(Waldo 1980\). This acceptance of the role of r\ eligion in public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.062 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 309.3899 Tm [(administration )0.5 (is )0.5 (not )0.5 (an acceptance )0.5 (of )0.5 (a )0.5 (theological )0.5 (perspective )0.5 (of government. )0.5 (Instead, )0.5 (it)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.082 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 297.3899 Tm [(is a contributor to a more secular religion of public service. This reco\ gnizes a spirituality of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.051 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 285.3899 Tm [(public service in which \223its secular dimension is crucial in governan\ ce, especially with respect)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 273.3899 Tm (to public service ethics and values\224 \(Dwivedi 2005, 27-28\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.323 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 249.3899 Tm [(Rousseau accepted the important contribution of religion to cohesion in \ a society. He)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.138 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 237.3899 Tm [(developed the concept of a civil religion which still relied heavily on \ theological concepts)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.082 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 225.3899 Tm [(found in traditional religion. In the United States, where religion has \ traditionally been seen)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 213.3899 Tm [(as fostering republican virtues, religion, culture and political institu\ tions are closely related to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.023 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 201.3899 Tm [(each )0.5 (other \(Ward )0.5 (2014; )0.5 (Olehla )0.5 (2010; )0.5 (and )0.5 (Ferrari )0.5 (2010\). )0.5 (The increasing role )0.5 (of )0.5 (the )0.5 (government)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 189.3899 Tm [(in providing public welfare has created a re-delegation of responsibilit\ ies from the religious)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.15 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 177.3899 Tm [(institutions to the government. The \223good works\224 of government inc\ reases the salience of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.127 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 165.3899 Tm [(the association between religious values and public service. As defined \ by Moots \(2010\) a)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.07 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 153.3899 Tm [(civil religion is a \223set of moral imperatives expressed in religious \ language and intended to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.102 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 141.3899 Tm [(frame and motivate public policy\224 \(80\). In essence, government has \ become so large and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 129.3899 Tm [(encompassing that it has naturally overlapped the domain of religion and\ this has required)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 117.3899 Tm [(an impetus to frame public service by those same values that motivated r\ eligious institutions)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 105.3899 Tm (to provide those services.)Tj ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.6228 25.5001 Tm (25)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1634 0 obj <>stream /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /GS0 gs /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 0.221 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 767.3899 Tm [(with the foundational scholars John Locke, John Stuart Mill and Jean-Jac\ ques Rousseau)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.099 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 755.3899 Tm [(having profound influence on the ideas in the US Constitution. The moder\ n forms of public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.113 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 743.3899 Tm [(administration in the United States evolved under Woodrow Wilson, who wa\ s heavily influenced)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.047 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 731.3899 Tm [(by German political theorists such as Bluntschli and Stein. Rosser \(201\ 0\) argued that \223it hardly)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.033 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 719.3899 Tm [(seems to be an exaggeration to say that during the closing years of the \ nineteenth century,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 707.3899 Tm [(the whole of American political science \226 of which public administrat\ ion cannot be separated)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 695.3899 Tm (at this time \226 was under great influence by German political theory\224\ \(549\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.145 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 671.3899 Tm [(It is for these reasons that these \223regime values\224 with their root\ s in religion have ensured)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.037 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 659.3899 Tm [(some level of interaction between religion and government in Europe and \ the United States.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 647.3899 Tm [(European political thought following the Enlightenment considered religi\ on a private matter)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.122 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 635.3899 Tm (and sought to expunge religion from government. Despite this push, the E\ uropean nation-)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.077 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 623.3899 Tm [(states that developed along with their constitutions still recognized a \ cooperative relationship)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.108 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 611.3899 Tm [(between church and state. This has typically entailed religion as a sour\ ce of cultural belonging,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.164 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.3899 Tm [(but moral )0.5 (issues )0.5 (are also )0.5 (pertinent )0.5 (in )0.5 (some )0.5 (contexts. )0.5 (In )0.5 (the )0.5 (modern-day European )0.5 (Union)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.005 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.3899 Tm [(there has been debate over the role of religion, in particular Christian\ ity, in its constitution. In)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.055 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.3899 Tm [(the United States, where religious salience is much higher than in Europ\ e, this intersectionality)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.3899 Tm [(is more pronounced between religion and government \(Hennig 2015; Schles\ inger and Foret)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.3899 Tm (2006\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.001 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.3899 Tm [(The inability of Western secular government to escape the pull of religi\ on is evidenced in the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.3899 Tm [(need to establish a replacement for it through a civil religion. It repr\ esents a need to create)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.129 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.3899 Tm [(a cohesive society based on a nucleus of values in which tension over th\ ese values in an)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.059 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.3899 Tm [(increasingly diverse and individualistic world has attenuated divisions.\ The rising interest in)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.032 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.3899 Tm [(public administration in \223value pluralism\224 indicates the importanc\ e of this subject for sound)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.127 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 467.3899 Tm [(and stable government \(Molina 2015; Ferrari 2010; Gedicks 2010; Spicer \ 2014; and Overeem)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.3899 Tm (and Verhoef 2014\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.037 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 431.3899 Tm [(In this context, there is )0.5 (the comparative approach to public administration, which is )0.5 (the )0.5 (study)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.034 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 419.3899 Tm [(of administrative concepts and/or processes across a wide or narrow rang\ e of organizations,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.076 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 407.3899 Tm [(nations and cultures. Comparative public administration \(CPA\) started \ in the United States)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.008 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.3899 Tm [(during the Cold War, when many former colonies had achieved independence\ and began to)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.025 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.3899 Tm [(create their own states. This approach has widened the boundaries of pub\ lic administration)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.283 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.3899 Tm [(scholarship to understand the forms and functions of public administrati\ on in different)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.044 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.3899 Tm [(contexts. It has helped in understanding the commonalities and the diffe\ rences as well as the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.3899 Tm (reasons for these differences \(Hou et al. 2011; Jreisat 2011\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.119 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 323.3899 Tm [(In the wake of ensuing differences between nations and cultures and the \ failure of international)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.167 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.3899 Tm [(development organizations to affect real and sustainable change in non-W\ estern governments)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.097 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.3899 Tm [(a new approach to CPA has emerged that focuses on the indigenization of \ administration.)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.08 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.3899 Tm [(This approach recognizes the unique aspects of administration that can b\ e found in individual)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.042 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.3899 Tm [(nations or cultures. Although many have applauded this movement as a fur\ ther expression of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.041 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.3899 Tm [(a de-ethnocentrism in public administration that focuses on Western publ\ ic administration,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.043 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.3899 Tm [(some have also felt that this has led to further fragmentation and a def\ eat of one of the goals)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.028 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.3899 Tm [(of )0.5 (CPA, )0.5 (which )0.6 (is )0.5 (to )0.5 (find )0.5 (best )0.5 (practices )0.5 (\(Samier )0.5 (2014; )0.5 (Jreisat )0.5 (2005\). )0.5 (Rutgers )0.6 (\(2004\) )0.6 (called )0.5 (this)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.01 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 227.3899 Tm [(dichotomy between a local and a global perspective of public administrat\ ion the problem of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.3899 Tm (sailing between Scylla and Charybdis in Greek mythology or a rock and a \ hard place.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.025 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.3899 Tm [(The continued focus of recent research in CPA on European or Western cou\ ntries may be an)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.061 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.3899 Tm [(indication of a subtle realization of these very real differences, espec\ ially between cultures.)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.3899 Tm [(The continued lack of inclusion of culture as a factor in these studies \ may also be an indication)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.036 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.3899 Tm [(of this realization. Those that have accepted the differences between cu\ ltures as a real and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.088 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.3899 Tm [(important aspect of public administration have increased research on non\ -Western public)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.3899 Tm (administration \(Fitzpatrick et al. 2011; Drechsler 2014\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.022 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.3899 Tm [(One important area of the world merits more attention, given its inabili\ ty to construct stable)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.124 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.3899 Tm [(states. The Islamic world has a rich history of public administration, f\ rom the city-state of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.067 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.3899 Tm [(Medina under the Prophet Muhammad to the Caliphs and Sultans of the grea\ t world-wide and)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.057 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.3899 Tm [(regional Islamic kingdoms that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacifi\ c Ocean. In many ways)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M q 1 0 0 1 49 786.5315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm (\223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Considering the Importan\ ce of Religion, its Values and Culture.\223)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (Daniel Hummel)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 10 0 0 10 291.6178 25.5001 Tm (24)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 1635 0 obj <>stream 0 0 0 0.9 K 4 M /GS0 gs q 1 0 0 1 49 786.0315 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 0.9 k /T1_0 1 Tf 0.04 Tc 8 0 0 8 49 801.4899 Tm [(Daniel Hummel. 2019. \223Public Administration in the Islamic World: Con\ sidering the Importance of Religion, its Values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 8 0 0 8 49 791.8899 Tm (and Culture.\224 )Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 107.7354 791.8899 Tm (Halduskultuur: The Estonian Journal of Administrative Culture and Digita\ l Governance)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 476.3789 791.8899 Tm ( 19\(2\), 23-38)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 49 745.9066 Tm [(Public Administration in the Islamic World:)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 18 0 0 18 49 724.3066 Tm [(Considering the Importance of Religion, its Values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 18 0 0 18 49 702.7065 Tm (and Culture)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 49 667.7065 Tm (DANIEL HUMMEL, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN \226 FLINT, DEPARTMENT OF POLITICA\ L SCIENCE, USA)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 623.7065 Tm (Abstract)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.088 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 599.7065 Tm [(A )0.5 (small )0.5 (but growing )0.5 (area )0.5 (of )0.5 (public )0.5 (administration )0.5 (scholarship )0.5 (appreciates )0.5 (the influence )0.5 (of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.196 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 587.7065 Tm [(religious values on various aspects of government. This appreciation par\ allels a growing)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.137 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 575.7065 Tm [(interest in comparative public administration and indigenized forms of g\ overnment which)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.136 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 563.7065 Tm [(recognizes the role of culture in different approaches to government. Th\ is article is at the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.02 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 551.7065 Tm [(crossroads of these two trends while also considering a very salient reg\ ion, the Islamic world.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.087 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 539.7065 Tm [(The Islamic world is uniquely religious, which makes this discussion eve\ n more relevant, as)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.016 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 527.7065 Tm [(the nations )0.5 (that represent )0.5 (them strive )0.5 (towards )0.5 (legitimacy and )0.5 (stability. The )0.5 (history )0.5 (and core)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.125 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 515.7065 Tm [(values of Islam need to be considered as they pertain to systems of gove\ rnment that are)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.065 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 503.7065 Tm [(widely accepted by the people. In essence, this is being done in many co\ untries across the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.079 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 491.7065 Tm [(Islamic )0.5 (world, providing )0.5 (fertile grounds for )0.5 (public administration )0.5 (research from a )0.5 (comparative)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 479.7065 Tm (perspective. This paper explores these possibilities for future research\ on this topic.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 455.7065 Tm (Keywords:)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_1 1 Tf 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 106.5694 455.7065 Tm ( Religion; Ethics; Values; Public administration; Islam; Comparative PA)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_2 1 Tf -0.04 Tw 14 0 0 14 49 419.7065 Tm (Introduction)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT /T1_0 1 Tf 0.33 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 395.7065 Tm [(According to research at the Religions and Development program at the Un\ iversity of)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.215 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 383.7065 Tm [(Birmingham in the United Kingdom there have been three tracks in public \ management)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.014 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 371.7065 Tm [(research )0.5 (that )0.5 (consider )0.6 (the )0.6 (role )0.5 (of )0.5 (religion )0.5 (in )0.5 (government. )0.5 (These )0.6 (include )0.5 (an )0.5 (indirect )0.5 (reference)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.136 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 359.7065 Tm [(through an emphasis on values, the influence of culture and context and \ a specific focus)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.057 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 347.7065 Tm [(on certain religions \(Shah et al. 2007\). This article considers these \ directions with a specific)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 335.7065 Tm (application to the Islamic world.)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.115 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 311.7065 Tm [(Religion continues to be an important topic in public administration bec\ ause \223the modern)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.039 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 299.7065 Tm [(secular state has had difficulty disengaging itself from the embrace of \ established religion\224)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.107 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 287.7065 Tm [(\(Dwivedi 2005, 26\). Despite this importance, the academic literature h\ as rarely considered)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.014 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 275.7065 Tm [(the role of religion in public administration. This is a claim voiced by\ Lowery \(2005\), when he)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.072 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 263.7065 Tm [(noted that \223the academic discipline of public administration has paid\ little attention to the)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.019 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 251.7065 Tm [(role that religious and spiritual values play in the professional lives \ of public administrators\224)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.04 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 239.7065 Tm (\(324\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.095 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 215.7065 Tm [(Deontology, which is the study of the duty and moral obligation to other\ s, applies to those)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.05 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 203.7065 Tm [(public service values that are considered important to be an effective p\ ublic administrator.)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.094 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 191.7065 Tm [(This is an interest in the common good with a focus on service to others\ and social equity)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.136 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 179.7065 Tm [(values. Many of these public service orientations are deeply rooted in a\ profound love for)40.1 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.006 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 167.7065 Tm [(others and a communitarian impulse. To them serving is about meeting the\ ir own emotional)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.028 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 155.7065 Tm [(and spiritual needs as well as those of others \(Houston et al. 2008; Lo\ wery 2005; Cunningham)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.143 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 143.7065 Tm [(2005\). These values are rooted heavily in a religious worldview and inf\ orm public administration)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 131.7065 Tm (ethics, which Menzel \(2015\) calls a \223values-driven enterprise\224 \(\ 357\).)Tj ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.227 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 107.7065 Tm [(Public administration ethics encompass rights, obligations and principle\ s which, as Rohr)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.01 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 95.7065 Tm [(\(1976\) )0.5 (explained, )0.5 (encompass )0.5 (the )0.5 (\223regime )0.5 (values\224. )0.5 (In )0.5 (his )0.5 (interpretation )0.5 (the )0.5 (values )0.5 (of )0.5 (freedom,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT -0.011 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 83.7065 Tm [(property and equality are the \223regime values\224 of the United States\ , for example. These values)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0.018 Tw 10 0 0 10 49 71.7065 Tm [(progenerated from Europe, as the United States is the product of Europea\ n political thought,)40 ( )]TJ ET EMC /Span <>BDC BT 0 0 0 1 k /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw 10 0 0 10 291.8178 25.5001 Tm (23)Tj ET EMC /GS0 gs q 1 0 0 1 49 681.804 cm 0 0 m 497.276 0 l S Q endstream endobj 1636 0 obj <> endobj 1637 0 obj <>stream HwPS -Ћ!H $!.HZHǂ DAJQDқ4A =3μ;͛y;7g5u HL쌌]\t`-8`nn :\ ñQG܉n@% r KQd yy(D7/2Af)ԛ2 dQNr:@27T.YG3Dd,@/tWG`ϟ pݑfz9eS+q*8 /?& 1r8jF=(HpE$=n2pjb ^]oMq G-?~:A엂D?0^0*MNQyPp?22W* Pjs5Z4m133u1)ccMcepiL\€*r]p337t4l6|-G,,ZS=MTWߛȔN6O MKkHؾq w"3FjVYvg\.4O0_䭀۷>İԵ,zÇ3!UOIE}ϳ MfրK/s+_ut~yMFp;^>l{A!vT#8jBh1?=1?;12_wt ̱2Kڅu⛰ŭov"v])@s0R%BBM4)t~0)FE.R#,86.'\a܎3.\(O)/?'"%hJ A*YG$FEFO:/ux1Ᏺw '.[$%&'>MN8{Mefޜ\<|[ GPߕg_tR21Uդ'IOKj:j꥟=~8 oh%|վ!ة:B;|m_xCQHcqiSgftgX>_] Z2[^L6~nUbqf6݁xk  LAQ(л;1ɆYyH35VO6U8+|#Ӊ ~Sg/̿)q4$C Qߎ'JHKJKde+19X\#P^IA\G^iWyIeLOs' ]tub#NcfZ+ 3V֟N ~85`o08zzi/.[{P"ܓKK ȁ)M!}a,(h^bgT_x{q)DaoBT4'WFAKfZވ̺\p]{닧JKe**?sPD-˟ugmFME-}mKtݫ؎΁n7o= { /@? 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